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Nightmares and Night Terrors

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Nightmares and night terrors represent two distinct types of sleep disturbances that differ in timing, characteristics, and the sleeper's recall of the event. Nightmares are vivid, disturbing dreams that usually awaken the sleeper from REM sleep, a stage of sleep where brain activity is high, and dreams are most frequent. Upon awakening, individuals often have detailed recollections of their nightmares, which can include themes of threats to survival, security, or self-esteem.
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Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.
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During the 1950s, the landmark Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that when groups must compete with one another, intergroup conflict, hostility, and even violence may result. At the Oklahoman summer camp, two troops of boys—termed the Rattlers and the Eagles—took part in a week-long tournament. During this time, their negativity culminated in derogatory name-calling, fistfights, and even vandalism and destruction of property. However, this work also revealed that such tension...
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Creep refers to the time-dependent increase in strain under a sustained load, excluding other time-dependent deformations associated with shrinkage, swelling, and thermal expansion in concrete. The primary mechanism behind creep involves the loss of physically adsorbed water from the calcium silicate hydrate within the hydrated cement paste. This process is further exacerbated by concrete's non-linear stress-strain relationship, microcrack development in the interfacial transition zone, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2025

Drawing Blood from Rats through the Saphenous Vein and by Cardiac Puncture
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Tales from the crypt.

Andrew Curry

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    PubMed
    Summary

    This study analyzes skeletal remains from 17th-century Milan to reveal the health, diet, and drug use of the working poor. These findings offer a unique window into the lives of a historically underserved population.

    Area of Science:

    • Paleopathology
    • Bioarchaeology
    • Historical Epidemiology

    Background:

    • 17th-century Milan faced significant social stratification and public health challenges.
    • Public hospitals served as crucial institutions for the care of the urban poor.
    • Burial sites associated with such institutions offer unique insights into past populations.

    Observation:

    • Analysis of skeletal remains from a 17th-century Milan public hospital burial site.
    • Investigation focused on indicators of health, nutritional status, and substance use.
    • Thousands of individuals' remains provide a substantial dataset for bioarchaeological study.

    Findings:

    • Skeletal markers reveal prevalent diseases and nutritional deficiencies among the working poor.
    • Evidence of specific drug or substance use patterns identified through skeletal analysis.

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  • The study reconstructs the daily lives and health conditions of a marginalized historical community.

    • Implications:

    • Provides a bioarchaeological perspective on the lived experiences of the 17th-century urban working class.
    • Informs historical understanding of disease, diet, and substance use in early modern Europe.
    • Highlights the value of hospital burial sites as rich sources for historical health research.