The evolving landscape of Chandipura virus: A comprehensive account of outbreaks to recent advances

Chandipura virus (CHPV), a member of the family Rhabdoviridae, has garnered attention due to its significant implications on human health, particularly in India, where it has contributed to encephalitis outbreaks. This review provides a full-spectrum analysis of CHPV, detailing its origin, historical context, and geographical distribution, which primarily spans India and parts of Africa. CHPV is predominantly transmitted through infected sandflies, although alternative transmission routes cannot be overruled. Neurotropism plays a vital role in CHPV-associated pathogenesis, leading to severe neurological ailments, including encephalitis and fatalities among children at a significantly high rate. Current diagnostic approaches for CHPV infection harness molecular biology tools like PCR for viral RNA detection and serological methods to identify antibodies. Effective therapeutic strategies remain limited, with antivirals such as Favipiravir indicating strong prospects in preclinical studies. We also discuss various animal models used in CHPV research, including murine models, offering critical insights into the CHPV pathogenesis and evaluating the efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions. Concisely, this review underscores the significance of robust monitoring and further research to enhance our understanding of CHPV and develop effective strategies for its control and prevention.