Expanding scope of genetic studies in the era of biobanks

Biobanks have become pivotal in genetic research, particularly through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), driving transformative insights into the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits through the integration of genetic data with phenotypic, environmental, family history, and behavioral information. This review explores the distinct design and utility of different biobanks, highlighting their unique contributions to genetic research. We further discuss the utility and methodological advances in combining data from disease-specific study or consortia with that of biobanks, especially focusing on summary statistics based meta-analysis. Subsequently we review the spectrum of additional advantages offered by biobanks in genetic studies in representing population differences, calibration of polygenic scores, assessment of pleiotropy and improving post-GWAS in silico analyses. Advances in sequencing technologies, particularly whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing, have further enabled the discovery of rare variants at biobank scale. Among recent developments, the integration of large-scale multi-omics data especially proteomics and metabolomics, within biobanks provides deeper insights into disease mechanisms and regulatory pathways. Despite challenges like ascertainment strategies and phenotypic misclassification, biobanks continue to evolve, driving methodological innovation and enabling precision medicine. We highlight the contributions of biobanks to genetic research, their growing integration with multi-omics, and finally discuss their future potential for advancing healthcare and therapeutic development.