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Updated: May 9, 2025

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Identifying neuropsychological phenotypes in multiple sclerosis using latent profile analysis.

Antonio Luca Spiezia¹, Giuseppe Pontillo^2,3, Fabrizia Falco¹

¹Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Federico II University Hospital of Naples, Naples, Italy.

European Journal of Neurology

|May 2, 2025

Summary

This study identified five distinct neuropsychological profiles in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients, revealing unique clinical and imaging features associated with each. These phenotypes aid in identifying patients needing closer monitoring for cognitive and neurobehavioral symptoms.

Keywords:

cognitive impairment latent profile analysis multiple sclerosis psychiatry

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Clinical Neurology
Psychiatry

Background:

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients frequently experience cognitive impairment, depression, and fatigue.
Understanding distinct neuropsychological patterns is crucial for tailored patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

To define neuropsychological phenotypes in MS based on cognitive function, depression, and fatigue.
To correlate these phenotypes with clinical and neuroimaging characteristics.

Main Methods:

A cross-sectional study involving 600 MS patients.
Utilized latent profile analysis (LPA) on data from the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS).
Compared clinical and MRI features across identified latent profiles.

Main Results:

Five distinct neuropsychological phenotypes were identified: Normal, Isolated Cognitive Impairment, Isolated Neurobehavioral Impairment, Mild Neuropsychological Impairment, and Severe Neuropsychological Impairment.
Relapsing-onset and pediatric-onset MS patients were more prevalent in normal or isolated cognitive impairment groups.
Severe impairment was associated with reduced cortical grey matter and subcortical brain volumes.

Conclusions:

Five distinct neuropsychological phenotypes in MS patients correlate with specific clinical and radiological features.
These phenotypes reflect different stages of disease pathology.
Clinical and MRI data can guide monitoring strategies for cognitive and neurobehavioral symptoms in MS.