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Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

9.9K
Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become...
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Updated: May 12, 2025

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
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Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

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Apoptotic cells are not all created equal.

Amanda O Wong1, Kodi S Ravichandran1,2

  • 1Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Science Immunology
|May 2, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Following lung injury, alveolar macrophages clear dead neutrophils, not lung cells, to promote tissue healing instead of fighting bacteria.

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Lung injury triggers an inflammatory response involving neutrophils and macrophages.
  • Alveolar macrophages play a critical role in maintaining lung homeostasis and repair.
  • Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells is crucial for resolving inflammation and preventing tissue damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential uptake of apoptotic neutrophils versus epithelial cells by alveolar macrophages after lung injury.
  • To determine the functional consequences of this selective uptake on tissue repair and bacterial clearance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a mouse model of lung injury.
  • Employed in vivo imaging and ex vivo analysis to track and quantify the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by alveolar macrophages.
  • Assessed markers of tissue repair and bacterial burden.

Main Results:

  • Alveolar macrophages preferentially phagocytosed apoptotic neutrophils compared to apoptotic epithelial cells.
  • This selective uptake was associated with enhanced markers of lung tissue repair.
  • Conversely, the focus on apoptotic cell clearance appeared to reduce the macrophages' capacity for bacterial clearance.

Conclusions:

  • Alveolar macrophages prioritize the clearance of apoptotic neutrophils over epithelial cells post-lung injury.
  • This phagocytic preference directs macrophage function towards tissue repair rather than immediate bacterial eradication.
  • Understanding this balance is key for developing targeted therapies for lung injury and infection.