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Characterization of Calcification Events Using Live Optical and Electron Microscopy Techniques in a Marine Tubeworm

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Published on: February 28, 2017

Open or closed: pH modulation and calcification by foraminifera.

Daniel François^1,2, Gert-Jan Reichart^1,2, Lennart J de Nooijer¹

¹Department of Ocean Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Texel, Netherlands.

Science Advances

|May 2, 2025

Summary

Marine calcifying organisms

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Area of Science:

Marine Biology
Biogeochemistry
Geochemistry

Background:

Marine calcifying organisms precipitate shells through biological control or in equilibrium with seawater.
Elemental signatures in shells, such as Mg/Ca ratios, vary significantly among species.
Understanding the mechanisms controlling shell composition is crucial for paleoceanography and marine ecology.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between ion transport, biological control, and shell elemental signatures in marine calcifying organisms.
To elucidate the role of transmembrane transporters and mitochondria in regulating calcification.
To explain species-specific elemental signatures in foraminifera shells.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of "closed" and "open" calcification systems in marine organisms.
Investigation of ion fluxes (H+, Ca2+) and their relationship to calcification rates.
Localization and density analysis of mitochondria at calcification sites.

Main Results:

Marine calcification exists on a spectrum from "closed" to "open" systems.
Closed systems exhibit high ion fluxes, leading to Mg/Ca dilution and low Mg/Ca calcite.
Open systems show lower ion fluxes and higher seawater exchange, resulting in high Mg/Ca foraminifera.
Mitochondrial density correlates with ion pumping rates at calcification sites.

Conclusions:

Transmembrane transporters and mitochondria play critical roles in regulating foraminifera calcification.
The degree of system openness or closure explains species-specific Mg/Ca elemental signatures.
These findings provide a framework for understanding biomineralization and its environmental implications.