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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2025

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Strong Intrinsic Longitudinal Coupling in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics.

C A Potts^1,2,3, R C Dekker¹, S Deve¹

¹Delft University of Technology, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, PO Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.

Physical Review Letters

|May 2, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrated a strong intrinsic longitudinal coupling between a transmon qubit and a microwave resonator. This breakthrough enables on-demand quantum interactions and advances quantum information processing hardware.

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Last Updated: May 9, 2025

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

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Published on: August 2, 2019

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

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Published on: December 3, 2013

Area of Science:

Quantum physics
Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics (cQED)

Background:

Radiation-pressure interactions in harmonic oscillators are crucial for precision measurement and control.
Strong sideband drives enhance coupling rates and linearize interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a strong intrinsic longitudinal coupling in a circuit quantum electrodynamics system.
To achieve an on-demand Jaynes-Cummings interaction with a high on-off ratio.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a transmon qubit coupled to a linear microwave resonator.
Employing a red-detuned sideband drive to induce the interaction.

Main Results:

A strong intrinsic longitudinal coupling rate was achieved, exceeding all decay rates.
The system demonstrated an on-demand Jaynes-Cummings interaction with a high on-off ratio.
The device was confirmed to be in the strong coupling regime.

Conclusions:

The demonstrated intrinsic longitudinal interaction is a significant advancement for quantum information processing.
This method facilitates the development of high-connectivity quantum hardware.
It opens new avenues for exploring quantum object decoherence, including gravitational effects.