Neural processing of social reciprocity in autism

Social reciprocity and interpersonal synchrony implicitly mediate social interactions to facilitate natural exchanges. These processes are altered in autism, but it is unclear how such alterations manifest at the neural level during social interaction processing. Using task-based fMRI, we investigated the neural correlates of interpersonal synchrony during basic reciprocal interactions in a preregistered study. Participants communicated with a virtual partner by sending visual signals. Analyses showed comparable activation patterns and experienced synchrony ratings between autistic and non-autistic participants, as well as between interactions with virtual partners who had high or low synchronous responses. An exploratory whole brain analysis for the effect of task revealed significant activation of the inferior frontal gyrus, insular cortex, and anterior inferior parietal lobe; areas associated with cognitive control, rhythmic temporal coordination, and action observation. This activation was independent of the virtual partner's response synchrony and was similar for autistic and non-autistic participants. These results provide an initial look into the neural basis of processing social reciprocity in autism, particularly when individuals are part of an interaction, and hint that the neural processing of social reciprocity may be spared in autism when their partners' behavior is predictable.