Diagnostic challenge of malignant rhabdoid tumor presenting as a forehead mass in an infant: A case report

Rhabdoid tumors (RT) are rare, aggressive malignancies, primarily affecting infants and typically found in the central nervous system, kidneys, or soft tissues, with rare occurrences in the head and neck. These tumors are associated with poor prognosis due to late-stage diagnosis. This case report presents a rare occurrence of a rhabdoid tumor in the forehead, with disseminated disease, highlighting the importance of considering RT in the differential diagnosis for forehead masses to improve outcomes.

We report the case of an infant initially misdiagnosed with a congenital hemangioma, later found to have disseminated malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs). Despite the clinical and imaging features suggesting a vascular origin, the persistence of atypical characteristics led to a high suspicion for alternative diagnoses. A collaborative clinical team confirmed MRT after further investigation.

Diagnosing MRTs is challenging when they resemble common conditions, such as vascular tumors. In this case, the misdiagnosis as a congenital hemangioma was corrected due to the clinical team's persistence and awareness of atypical features. MRTs are characterized by rapid progression and dissemination, making early detection crucial for effective management.

This case underscores the need for heightened suspicion of rare malignancies, especially with unusual clinical and imaging presentations. Early diagnosis and a collaborative clinical approach are essential for initiating timely treatment and improving patient outcomes. Maintaining a broad differential diagnosis is vital, particularly in cases of disseminated MRTs, to ensure proper management and better prognosis.