A meta-analysis on the effectiveness of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease vaccines

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of domesticated animals that causes major economic losses globally. In this meta-analysis, 29 studies were evaluated using a random-effects model to analyze the efficacy of FMD vaccines. The quantifying heterogeneity between the groups was low (tau² = 0.000, tau = 0.000, and I² = 0.0% [0.0%; 24.6%]). The meta-analysis revealed that the inactivated vaccine provides the best protection among different vaccine types, with the following ranking from highest to lowest efficacy: inactivated vaccine > mRNA vaccine > E. coli vaccine > plant vaccine > recombinant virus vaccine > phage vaccine > synthesize vaccine > DNA vaccine > negative control. The findings revealed that the inactivated vaccine provides the best protection among the different types of vaccines. Based on these findings, we recommend using inactivated vaccines as controls in the development of novel vaccines, as they achieved the highest efficacy among all evaluated vaccine types.