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Arteries of the Lower Limbs

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...

Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

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Updated: May 8, 2025

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: July 4, 2007

Autoimmune encephalitis-associated epilepsy.

Claude Steriade^1,2, Jan Bauer³, Christian G Bien^4,5

¹New York University Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York, NY, USA. Claude.steriade@nyulangone.org.

Nature Reviews. Neurology

|May 2, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune encephalitis-associated epilepsy (AEAE) describes conditions with recurrent, immunotherapy-resistant seizures. This emerging field highlights the need for early diagnosis and targeted therapies to prevent irreversible brain injury.

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

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Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis

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Published on: June 2, 2022

Area of Science:

Neuroimmunology
Epileptology
Neurology

Background:

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) often causes seizures responsive to immunotherapy.
A subset of AE presents with immunotherapy-resistant, recurrent seizures.
This resistance suggests underlying structural injury and neural loss.

Purpose of the Study:

Introduce and define autoimmune encephalitis-associated epilepsy (AEAE).
Discuss specific AEAE subtypes: GAD65 antibody epilepsy, paraneoplastic epilepsy, and post-AE epilepsy.
Highlight the need for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

Review of clinical characteristics of AEAE.
Discussion of proposed mechanisms, including cytotoxic T cell-mediated injury.
Analysis of current treatment paradigms and future research directions.

Main Results:

Identified three key neurological constellations within AEAE.
Proposed cytotoxic T cells as a common mechanism for structural injury.
Emphasized the limitations of current immunotherapies for established AEAE.

Conclusions:

AEAE is an emerging field requiring specific diagnostic criteria.
Early identification of AEAE is crucial before irreversible epileptogenesis.
Development of targeted immunotherapies is essential for improved patient outcomes.