Targeting immune checkpoints in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy: toward combination strategies with curative...

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer characterized by poor immune cell infiltration and a strongly immunosuppressive microenvironment. Traditional treatments have often yielded unsatisfactory outcomes due to the insidious onset of the disease. Encouragingly, the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has significantly transformed the approach to HCC treatment. Moreover, combining ICIs with other therapies or novel materials is considered the most promising opportunity in HCC, with some of these combinations already being evaluated in large-scale clinical trials. Unfortunately, most clinical trials fail to meet their endpoints, and the few successful ones also face challenges. This indicates that the potential of ICIs in HCC treatment remains underutilized, prompting a reevaluation of this promising therapy. Therefore, this article provides a review of the role of immune checkpoints in cancer treatment, the research progress of ICIs and their combination application in the treatment of HCC, aiming to open up avenues for the development of safer and more efficient immune checkpoint-related strategies for HCC treatment.