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Sustained force development: specializations and variation among the vertebrates.

I A Johnston

    The Journal of Experimental Biology
    |March 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary

    Different vertebrates recruit muscle fibers for sustained force. While aerobic metabolism is key, no single fiber trait reliably predicts fatigue resistance; higher power output correlates with decreased fatigue and increased aerobic and glycolytic energy use.

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    Area of Science:

    • Muscle physiology
    • Comparative biomechanics
    • Vertebrate locomotion

    Background:

    • Sustained muscle force production is vital for vertebrate locomotion and survival.
    • Understanding muscle fiber recruitment patterns is crucial for comprehending energy utilization during activity.
    • Aerobic metabolism plays a significant role in ATP turnover for sustained muscle function across species.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the types of muscle fibers recruited for sustained force production in various vertebrates.
    • To investigate the relationship between muscle fiber characteristics and fatigue resistance.
    • To analyze the metabolic strategies employed during increasing mechanical power output.

    Main Methods:

    • Comparative analysis of muscle fiber recruitment across different vertebrate species.

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  • Assessment of key muscle fiber characteristics (e.g., color, motor endplates, membrane properties, myosin isotype, contraction speed).
  • Evaluation of metabolic contributions (aerobic vs. glycolytic) and fatigue resistance under varying power outputs.

    • Main Results:

    • No single muscle fiber characteristic reliably identifies fibers specialized for sustained force production.
    • Aerobic metabolism consistently contributes a substantial portion of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) turnover.
    • Increased mechanical power output is associated with reduced fatigue resistance and enhanced aerobic capacity, alongside a greater reliance on glycolysis.

    Conclusions:

    • Muscle fiber recruitment for sustained force is complex and not determined by a single trait.
    • Metabolic flexibility, involving both aerobic and glycolytic pathways, is essential for adapting to different force demands.
    • The trade-off between power output and fatigue resistance highlights the diverse physiological strategies in vertebrates.