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Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) outbreaks are increasing, with a significant rise in infections observed in 2024. This led to severe outcomes, including hospitalizations and deaths, particularly in children and pregnant women.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) causes a spectrum of illness, from asymptomatic to life-threatening.
  • Outbreaks occur cyclically, with a recent international alert prompting this investigation.
  • Understanding B19V circulation is crucial for managing pediatric health during outbreaks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the circulation and clinical impact of B19V in a tertiary pediatric hospital.
  • To assess B19V positivity rates and clinical outcomes from 2018 to 2024.
  • To investigate B19V prevalence in pregnant women and its impact on fetal outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 9695 blood samples, 11 amniotic fluids, and 10,827 sera.
  • Direct and indirect detection of B19V using molecular and serological assays.
  • B19V subtype analysis on a subset of positive samples.

Main Results:

  • Annual B19V positivity rates surged in 2024 (32.8%) compared to 2018 (9.8%) and 2023 (0.8%).
  • In 2024, 314 patients tested positive; 65% had primary infection, 73.5% were hospitalized, and 11.3% required ICU admission.
  • Severe outcomes included myocarditis, cardiovascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal pathologies, with two pediatric deaths; four amniotic fluids tested positive.

Conclusions:

  • A significant increase in B19V circulation was observed in 2024, leading to severe clinical outcomes and hospitalizations.
  • B19V infection impacted both children with and without comorbidities, as well as pregnant women, posing risks to unborn children.
  • Only B19V subtype 1A was detected, with low intragenotypic diversity, suggesting a dominant circulating strain.