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Carrier-mediated transport is a pivotal process in drug absorption, particularly for lipid-insoluble drugs, and encompasses facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows drugs to move along their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport utilizes ATP to drive drug movement against this gradient.
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Transcellular Transport of Solutes01:23

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Transcellular transport of solutes is the movement of substances like monosaccharides and amino acids through polarized cells. This transport mechanism is primarily seen in epithelial and endothelial cells aided by membrane transport proteins such as channels and transporters. The tight junctions between these cells confine the membrane proteins to the two sides of the cell. The epithelial cells have distinct apical and basolateral domains. In contrast, the endothelial cells show the luminal...
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The transport of solutes across the cell membrane is essential for metabolic processes, like maintaining cell size and volume, generating the action potential, exchanging nutrients and gases, etc. Membrane transport can be either passive or active. It can be simple diffusion, facilitated, or mediated transport aided by transport proteins such as transporters and channels.
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ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporter is the largest superfamily of integral membrane proteins. The transporters have transmembrane-binding domains (TMDs) and nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). The TMDs are specific to their substrates, whereas the NBDs are similar to engines that complete ATP hydrolysis to complete the substrate transport. They can be full transporters consisting of two TMDs and NBDs, half transporters with one TMD and NBD, while some encoded with a single TMD or NBD are...
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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Updated: May 9, 2025

siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells
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Autophagy Regulates Putative Anion Transporter 1 Expression in Intestinal Epithelial Cells.

Shubha Priyamvada1, Dulari Jayawardena1, Arivarasu N Anbazhagan1

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
|May 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagy regulates the levels of the oxalate transporter PAT-1 in intestinal cells. This process is crucial for maintaining oxalate homeostasis and preventing kidney stones.

Keywords:
autophagyintestinepost‐translational regulationputative anion transporter 1

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Putative anion transporter 1 (PAT-1) is essential for intestinal oxalate secretion and homeostasis.
  • Autophagy's role in regulating intestinal solute transporters, including PAT-1, is largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of autophagy in modulating intestinal PAT-1 expression and its impact on oxalate homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Autophagy was induced in Caco-2 cells using rapamycin or nutrient deprivation.
  • ATG7 (autophagy-related 7) was knocked down using siRNA or in ATG7 knockout (ATG7KO) mice.
  • PAT-1 protein levels and surface expression were assessed using Western blotting and cell surface biotinylation.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy induction significantly reduced PAT-1 protein levels in Caco-2 cells.
  • Nutrient deprivation decreased surface levels of PAT-1.
  • ATG7 knockdown increased PAT-1 protein levels in both cell culture and mouse ileum.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy modulates basal PAT-1 protein levels in intestinal epithelial cells.
  • Autophagy plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal oxalate homeostasis.