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Altered electroencephalography-based source functional connectivity in patients with generalized anxiety disorder
Che-Sheng Chu1, Yen-Yue Lin2, Cathy Chia-Yu Huang3
1Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Consortium for Mental Disorders, Society of Psychophysiology, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Objective:
To explore the neurophysiological markers of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), we performed electroencephalography (EEG) in patients with GAD and assessed lagged phase synchronization (LPS), a measure of brain functional connectivity (FC).
Methods:
Cortical EEG sources were modelled by exact low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA). Graph theory analyses were applied to undirected and weighted networks obtained by LPS to explore the FC differences between patients with GAD and controls. The association between the abnormal parameters and disease symptomatology was examined.
Results:
Compared to controls (n = 89), the GAD group (n = 104) showed higher brain connectivity in beta-2 (18.5-21 Hz) between the left cingulate gyrus and the right postcentral gyrus (PcG) and in beta-3 (21.5-30 Hz) between the brain hemispheres in several regions, particularly the left PcG. Patients with GAD showed higher global network efficiency in beta-3. Finally, a positive correlation was observed between a longer duration of illness and greater FC in beta-2 between brain regions.
Conclusions:
The present findings suggest that EEG-sourced measures are useful tools for understanding altered brain connectivity in GAD.
Significance:
EEG could be a valuable biomarker in differentiating patients with GAD from controls and could be a potential predictive tool in future studies.
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