Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 9, 2025

Author Spotlight: Understanding Adolescent Social Adversity Effects on Neurodevelopment in Mice
Published on: March 15, 2024
The epidemiology of disorders of sex development
Agnethe Berglund1, Simon Chang2, Marie Lind-Holst3
1Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 21C, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus 8200, Denmark.
Abstract:
During recent years the epidemiology of disorders of sex development (DSD) has been more clearly delineated. Here, we provide a detailed and up-to-date synopsis of the epidemiology of DSD, incorporating the latest body of knowledge in the field for sex chromosome DSD (Turner, Klinefelter, 47,XXX, and 47,XXY syndrome, and 45,X/46,XY mosaicism) as well as for 46,XX DSD and 46,XY DSD focusing on females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), males with 46,XX DSD, females with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome and females with 46,XY DSD. Despite not fitting directly within the Chicago Consensus classification for DSD, we also include the few epidemiological studies addressing ambiguous genitalia. We show that epidemiological studies have improved our understanding of DSD and led to sound estimates of prevalence, have detailed morbidity and mortality patterns and have for some conditions also shed light on the impact on socioeconomic achievements.
Related Concept Videos
Sex-linked Disorders
Conduct Disorder
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra....
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
Psychosexual Theory of Development
The Five Stages of Psychosexual Development
Freud's...
Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder
Biological approach
The biological approach posits that internal, organic factors are the primary causes of such disorders. This perspective emphasizes brain structure and function, genetic predispositions, and neurotransmitter imbalances. For example, schizophrenia has been associated with both genetic...

