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Related Concept Videos

Directional Relays01:25

Directional Relays

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Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
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Maximum Power Transfer01:16

Maximum Power Transfer

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Numerous practical applications within engineering disciplines, such as telecommunications, necessitate optimizing power delivery to a connected load. This pursuit, however, entails inherent internal losses, which can either equal or exceed the power supplied to the load. The Thevenin equivalent circuit is helpful in finding the maximum power a linear circuit can deliver to a load. It is assumed in this context that the load resistance can be adjusted.
By substituting the entire circuit with...
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Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

81
Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
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Overcurrent Relays01:26

Overcurrent Relays

60
Overcurrent relays, crucial for circuit protection, are connected to the secondary current of a current transformer. There are two primary types of overcurrent relays: instantaneous and time-delay.
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Transmission Line Design Considerations01:23

Transmission Line Design Considerations

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Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...
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Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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Energy efficient relay selection framework for 5G communication using cognitive radio networks.

S Esakki Rajavel1, Stalin Allwin Devaraj2, A Andrew Roobert2

  • 1Electronics and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India.

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Summary

Cognitive radio networks improve 5G transmission by using collaborative spectrum sensing. An Electronic Energy Relay Selection (EERS) system enhances energy efficiency and detection precision, outperforming compressed sensing methods.

Keywords:
5G communicationCognitive radio networkCooperative spectrum sensingEnergy-efficient relay selection (EERS)SDG 13 (Climate action)SDG 7 (Affordable and clean energy)SDG 9 (Industry, innovation, and infrastructure)

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless Communication
  • Cognitive Radio Networks
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • 5G wireless networks face challenges with discontinuous optimal spectrum due to large bandwidth.
  • Cognitive radio networks (CRN) and collaborative spectrum sensing offer solutions for dynamic spectrum access.
  • Energy efficiency and detection accuracy are critical performance metrics in CRNs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance transmission performance in 5G communication using CRNs and collaborative spectrum sensing.
  • To introduce and detail an Electronic Energy Relay Selection (EERS) system.
  • To analyze the correlation between energy efficiency and detection precision in cooperative spectrum sensing.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraging cognitive radio networks and collaborative spectrum sensing.
  • Developing an Electronic Energy Relay Selection (EERS) system utilizing a weighted average function for optimal relay selection.
  • Examining the relationship between energy efficiency and detection precision.
  • Performance evaluation using MATLAB simulations.

Main Results:

  • The proposed EERS system demonstrates superior performance compared to the compressed sensing collaborative detection (CSCD) system.
  • EERS effectively balances network communication power consumption and spectrum-detection levels.
  • Key performance metrics like weighted energy consumption, number of collaborative secondary user (SU) relays, and probability of missing detection were analyzed.

Conclusions:

  • The EERS system provides a more effective approach to spectrum sensing in 5G networks.
  • The study highlights the importance of optimizing relay selection for energy efficiency and detection accuracy.
  • The findings suggest that EERS is a promising technique for improving 5G communication performance in dynamic spectrum environments.