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Related Concept Videos

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Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
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Retroviruses02:33

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Updated: May 9, 2025

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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Age and Sex Effects on Blood Retrotransposable Element Expression Levels: Findings From the Population-Based

Valentina Talevi1, Hang-Mao Lee2, Dan Liu1

  • 1Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.

Aging Cell
|May 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Retrotransposable elements (RTEs) expression increases with age, linked to aging diseases. Their dysregulation correlates with inflammation, particularly in men, suggesting they are aging markers.

Keywords:
agingbiomarkersheterochromatinimmune responsepopulation‐based studyretrotransposable elementssex‐differences

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Aging Research
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Retrotransposable elements (RTEs) are implicated in age-associated diseases.
  • Loss of heterochromatin is linked to increased RTE expression in model systems, but human data are scarce.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate RTE expression in a large human cohort.
  • To examine the relationship between RTE expression, aging, and heterochromatin regulators.
  • To identify sex differences in RTE expression and associated pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed expression of 795 blood RTE subfamilies in 2467 participants from the Rhineland Study.
  • Analyzed correlations between RTE expression, chronological/biological age, and heterochromatin regulators.
  • Validated findings in an independent population-based cohort.

Main Results:

  • Over 98% of RTE subfamilies showed increased expression with both chronological and biological age.
  • Reduced expression of heterochromatin regulators correlated with increased expression of 690 RTE subfamilies.
  • Sex differences observed in 42 RTE subfamilies, with higher expression in men; associated genes enriched in immune pathways.

Conclusions:

  • RTEs and their repressors are potential biomarkers of aging.
  • Dysregulation of RTEs is linked to age-related inflammation, especially in males.
  • Findings highlight the role of RTEs in the aging process and associated inflammatory conditions.