The Deltoid-Spring Ligament Complex: A Scoping Review and New Segmental Classification

Area of Science:

• Anatomy
• Orthopedics
• Biomechanics

Background:

• The deltoid and spring ligaments are crucial for ankle stability.
• Existing anatomical descriptions vary, leading to potential confusion in clinical practice and research.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review anatomical descriptions of deltoid and spring ligament bands.
• To propose a novel, unified nomenclature for these structures.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature review of cadaveric dissection studies.
• Inclusion of studies measuring deltoid and spring ligament components.
• Exclusion of non-cadaveric, surgical, or radiological studies without dissection.

Main Results:

• Analysis of 24 studies involving 528 ankles.
• Proposed description of the deltoid-spring ligament complex.
• Identification of distinct deep deltoid and superficial deltospring ligaments.
• Delineation of the superficial deltospring ligament into segments for clinical assessment.

Conclusions:

• The deltoid and spring ligaments should be described as a single "deltoid-spring ligament complex".
• This complex exhibits variable morphology (triangular, trapezoidal, rectangular).
• A unified description enhances clarity in anatomical understanding and clinical evaluation of ankle structures.