Extracellular vesicles: From large-scale production and engineering to clinical applications

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Cell Biology
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potent therapeutic agents due to their cargo delivery and cell signaling modulation capabilities.
• Clinical translation of EVs is impeded by low yield and difficulties in cargo loading.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the clinical applications of EVs.
• To explore methods for large-scale EV production, engineering, and modification.
• To identify challenges and future perspectives for EV-based therapies.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of current research on EV production and modification.
• Analysis of existing technologies for enhancing EV yield and cargo loading.
• Discussion of clinical applications and developmental hurdles.

Main Results:

• EVs offer a promising therapeutic strategy across various pathologies.
• Significant advancements in EV production and engineering technologies are emerging.
• Overcoming yield and cargo-loading challenges is crucial for clinical success.

Conclusions:

• Enhancing EV release and cargo loading are key research areas.
• Addressing current limitations will accelerate the clinical application of EVs.
• Future research should focus on bridging the gap between laboratory findings and clinical reality.