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Related Concept Videos

Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance,...
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Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). Another common unit of energy often used for heat is the calorie (cal), which is defined as the energy needed to change the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C, specifically between 14.5 °C and 15.5 °C, since the energy needed shows a slight temperature dependence. Another commonly used unit is...
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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Updated: May 9, 2025

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Heatmapper2: web-enabled heat mapping made easy.

Kyle Kernick1, Robyn Woudstra1, Mark Berjanskii1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.

Nucleic Acids Research
|May 5, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heatmapper2 offers a significant upgrade to the original Heatmapper, featuring enhanced performance and expanded capabilities for creating advanced heat maps. This new version supports diverse applications across scientific disciplines.

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Area of Science:

  • Bioinformatics
  • Data Visualization
  • Scientific Computing

Background:

  • The original Heatmapper (2016) was a pioneering web-based platform for heat map visualization.
  • Limitations in performance and functionality of the original Heatmapper became apparent with increased usage.
  • A need for an improved platform with enhanced capabilities and performance was identified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce Heatmapper2, a substantial upgrade to the Heatmapper web server.
  • To enhance performance, expand functionality, and integrate new web technologies for heat map generation.
  • To provide researchers with a more powerful and versatile tool for data visualization.

Main Methods:

  • Complete rewrite of the back-end code from R to Python for improved processing speed.
  • Migration from R Shiny to Shiny Python.
  • Integration of WebAssembly for client-side, high-performance computation.

Main Results:

  • Significantly improved performance due to client-side processing and optimized code.
  • Expanded support for various heat map types: time-series, 3D, protein structure, molecular spatial, and spectrometric.
  • Redesigned interface offering extensive customization, easier table editing, and efficient handling of large datasets.

Conclusions:

  • Heatmapper2 provides a substantial upgrade over the original Heatmapper, addressing performance and functionality limitations.
  • The new platform's enhanced capabilities and user-friendly interface cater to a broader range of scientific research applications.
  • Heatmapper2 is poised to become a more appealing and essential tool for researchers requiring advanced heat map visualization.