Unraveling Neurodevelopment: Synergistic Effects of Intrinsic Genetic Programs and Extrinsic Environmental Cues

The development of the brain involves the proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and the differentiation of neurogenic cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The growth and development of other cells in the brain, including microglia and blood vessels, are also crucial for maintaining normal brain function. In the first part, the intrinsic regulatory mechanisms of NSCs during neurogenesis are primarily delved into. This focused on the effects of epigenetic modifications on the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. Additionally, the phenomenon where their own proliferative behavior leads to the activation of immune-related genes are discussed. Furthermore, the impact of maternal immune activation on neurogenesis are explored. Finally, the reasons underlying differences in brain development between humans and mice are examined. In the second part, the development and origin of microglia, their heterogeneity during the developmental process, and the impact of microglia on the development of surrounding cells are delved into. In the third part, the relationship between the cerebrovascular system and brain development are explored. This includes the communication and interaction between blood vessels and NSCs, as well as the effects of cytokines secreted by blood vessels on synapses and the genesis of glial cells.