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An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System

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Craniofacial Soft Tissue Injuries: An Observational Study of Bicycling Injuries From a Level 1 Trauma Center.

Mats Døving^1,2, Pål Galteland^1,3, Ingar Næss³

¹Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

|May 5, 2025

Summary

Bicycle accidents frequently cause craniofacial soft tissue injuries, with helmet use reducing upper face injuries but increasing lower face injuries. Age and sex also influence injury risk.

Keywords:

Bicycling craniocerebral trauma epidemiology facial injuries head protective devices

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Area of Science:

Trauma Surgery
Orthopedic Surgery
Public Health

Background:

Craniofacial injuries are common in bicycling accidents.
Limited data exists on associated soft tissue injuries and helmet use impact.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the prevalence and patterns of craniofacial soft tissue injuries in cyclists.
Analyze the association of these injuries with helmet use and fractures.

Main Methods:

Retrospective chart review of 1543 patients with bicycle injuries from a level 1 trauma center.
Analysis of craniofacial soft tissue injuries in 646 cyclists.

Main Results:

Soft tissue injuries occurred in 41.9% of cyclists, increasing with age and risk in women.
Helmet use decreased overall, scalp, and upper face injuries but increased lower face injuries.
Lower face injuries strongly associated with mandible fractures; midface injuries with nasal bone fractures.

Conclusions:

Craniofacial soft tissue injuries in cyclists are influenced by age, sex, and helmet use.
Helmet use protects the upper face but may increase lower face injury risk.
Specific soft tissue injury locations correlate with distinct facial bone fractures.