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Resurrection of Dormant Daphnia magna: Protocol and Applications
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Evolutionary Tempo, Supertaxa, and Living Fossils.

Graham E Budd1, Richard P Mann2

  • 1Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, SE 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.

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Summary

The new Covariant Evolutionary Tempo (CET) model explains evolutionary patterns by linking molecular change and diversification rates. It suggests that major diversity arises from rapidly evolving lineages, challenging the molecular clock hypothesis.

Keywords:
living fossilsmolecular clockspatterns of diversification

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Molecular evolution
  • Phylogenetics

Background:

  • The relationship between molecular change rates and diversification has been theoretically and empirically discussed.
  • Understanding evolutionary patterns requires integrating molecular evolution and diversification dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel model, the Covariant Evolutionary Tempo (CET) model, integrating diversification and molecular evolution.
  • To explore how a continuously changing 'tempo' variable influences molecular, morphological, and diversification rates.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the Covariant Evolutionary Tempo (CET) model.
  • Treated the 'tempo' variable as continuously changing and proportional to its own value.
  • Integrated molecular evolution, morphological rates, and diversification within a single framework.

Main Results:

  • Predicted that diversity is dominated by a few large clades with explosive early radiations and high molecular evolution rates.
  • Showed that extant organisms likely evolved from species with fast evolutionary rates.
  • Demonstrated that molecular change is largely independent of lineage 'height', weakening the molecular clock hypothesis.
  • Explained the existence of species-poor 'living fossil' sister groups with slow evolutionary rates.

Conclusions:

  • The CET model provides a unified framework for understanding evolutionary patterns.
  • Observed historical evolutionary patterns can be modeled without invoking unique mechanisms or innovations.
  • The model accounts for non-uniform evolutionary rates and the prevalence of large clades.