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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Thyroid Function Reference Intervals by Age, Sex, and Race : A Cross-Sectional Study.

Qihang Li1, Yida Tang2, Xuefeng Yu3

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University; Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education; Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University; Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases; and Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China (Q.L., J.Z.).

Annals of Internal Medicine
|May 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing specific thyroid function reference intervals for age, sex, and race significantly alters disease classification. These tailored intervals reclassify many individuals, improving diagnostic accuracy for thyroid conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Current thyroid function tests use a universal reference interval.
  • This approach overlooks crucial demographic variations in age, sex, and race.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish age-, sex-, and race-specific reference intervals for thyroid function tests.
  • To compare disease reclassification using new intervals versus current standards.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional analysis of U.S. NHANES and Chinese health checkup data.
  • Defined reference intervals using the 2.5th to 97.5th percentile for subgroups.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) increased with age; TT3 declined; TT4 was stable.
  • Women had higher TT4; White participants had higher TSH.
  • New intervals reclassified 48.5% of subclinical hypothyroidism and 31.2% of subclinical hyperthyroidism cases.

Conclusions:

  • Age-, sex-, and race-specific reference intervals are essential for accurate thyroid disease diagnosis.
  • Findings support developing consensus on defining and managing thyroid disorders.