The Biological Effects of Nano-curcumins against Drugs and Chemicals-induced Nephrotoxicity: A Systematic Review

Drug and chemical nephrotoxicity is a common cause of kidney disorders. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the recent progress in applying nanocurcumins (nano-CURs) to prevent and mitigate drug and chemical-induced nephrotoxicity, highlighting their underlying protective mechanisms and therapeutic potential.

A comprehensive search of experimental and clinical studies was conducted in various databases, including Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library. The studies were analyzed for improvements in bioavailability, mechanisms of action, and outcomes in reducing kidney damage. After extracting the data and entering it into an Excel sheet, the essential information and the related knowledge on consequences and mechanisms were collected. The collected information was discussed and analyzed.

The antioxidant property of nano-CURs in dealing with nephrotoxicity is one of their most critical nephroprotective properties. They also exhibit potent anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and anti-pyroptotic effects. Moreover, nano-CURs improve mitochondrial function, modulate kidney biochemical markers, modulate electrolyte imbalance, reduce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and improve kidney histopathological changes and autophagy, offering protection against nephrotoxicity induced by various drugs and chemicals. Nano-CURs significantly improve histopathological changes. Animal models have demonstrated reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, causing improved renal function and histological outcomes.

Nano-CURs have shown promising nephroprotective effects in experimental studies. However, these results have not been significant in clinical trial studies. Future research should focus on clinical trials and optimizing formulations for broader therapeutic applications.