Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 15, 2026

A Model for Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Published on: January 5, 2017
The Importance of Extranodal Extension Grading in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Hakan Kara1, Levent Aydemir1, Melek Büyük2
1Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
Objective:
The primary objective was to investigate the effect of extra-nodal extension (ENE) grading on the survival of pN-positive patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC).
Study Design:
A retrospective cohort study.
Setting:
A tertiary referral center.
Methods:
The patients with LSCC were retrospectively reviewed. The histopathological slides of patients were re-examined, and ENE was graded. Survival analyses were performed.
Results:
Seventy-six patients were enrolled in this study. The average age of patients was 61.29 years. 3-year overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 69.7%, 73.7%, and 73.7%, respectively. ENE grading had no statistically significant impact on survival rates.
Conclusion:
While the presence of ENE in more than 4 lymph nodes, lymph node density (LND) greater than 0.2, poor histologic differentiation, and not receiving chemotherapy were identified as independent poor prognosticators in LSCC, the study did not show any effect of ENE grading on survival rates.
Related Concept Videos
The Tumor Microenvironment
The Tumor Microenvironment
Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Overview
Based on the number of cell layers,...
Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Glandular Epithelium
Multicellular glands are formed during early development when epithelial budding...
Primary Lymphoid Organs
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...

