Regulatory roles of transposable elements on autism molecular neuropathology

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges in social communication and the presence of repetitive behaviors, typically diagnosed in early childhood. In this review, we searched PubMed and Google Scholar databases for relevant articles. ASD displays considerable heterogeneity in symptomatology and is more common in males, though shifting demographics indicate rising rates among minority populations. Transposable elements (TEs), which constitute approximately 50% of the mammalian genome, are increasingly recognized for their contribution to neurodevelopmental disorders, including ASD. These mobile genetic elements can induce genomic instability and modulate gene expression, thereby influencing ASD pathology. Evidence suggests that specific TEs, such as L1 and Alu elements, can disrupt genes critical for neurodevelopment and contribute to the disorder's genetic complexity. Furthermore, prenatal environmental exposures may activate TEs, potentially contributing to neuroinflammation observed in ASD. While the precise regulatory roles of non-coding TEs in ASD are still under investigation and require careful interpretation, integrating epigenetic aging markers like epigenetic clocks holds promise for advancing the field. Future research focused on the intricate relationship between TEs, environmental factors, epigenetic mechanisms, and neurodevelopmental processes is essential for identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets, ultimately improving early diagnosis and interventions for ASD.