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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

13.9K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
13.9K
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

39.1K
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
39.1K
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

23.5K
An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
23.5K
Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

18.9K
Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
18.9K
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

23.0K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
23.0K
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

1.2K
The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
1.2K

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Updated: May 9, 2025

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

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Disordered Rocksalts as High-Energy and Earth-Abundant Li-Ion Cathodes.

Han-Ming Hau1,2, Tucker Holstun1,2, Eunryeol Lee1,2

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|May 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Disordered rock-salt (DRX) materials offer a promising avenue for low-cost, high-energy-density lithium-ion battery cathodes. Optimizing synthesis and structure enhances their performance and stability for widespread adoption.

Keywords:
Li‐ion batteriescathode materialsdisordered rocksalt

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Growing demand for energy storage necessitates advanced lithium-ion battery materials.
  • Traditional cathode designs are limited by resource constraints and lower energy densities.
  • Disordered rock-salts with lithium excess (DRX) present a novel class of high-capacity materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the design principles of DRX materials for lithium-ion battery cathodes.
  • To elucidate the impact of synthesis conditions on cation disorder and short-range ordering (SRO).
  • To discuss strategies for enhancing performance and commercialization of DRX cathodes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of synthesis routes including solid-state, molten-salt, and sol-gel reactions.
  • Analysis of the relationship between cation disorder, SRO, and electrochemical performance.
  • Discussion of strategies for improving lithium transport and capacity retention.

Main Results:

  • DRX materials demonstrate high capacity and energy density due to lithium excess and site percolation.
  • Synthesis conditions significantly influence cation disorder and SRO, impacting cycling stability and rate capability.
  • Mn-rich DRX with spinel-like ordering shows enhanced Li transport and capacity retention.

Conclusions:

  • DRX materials offer a viable alternative to conventional cathodes, utilizing Earth-abundant elements.
  • Understanding and controlling cation disorder and SRO are crucial for optimizing DRX performance.
  • Further research into carbon/electrolyte optimization and addressing commercialization challenges is needed for DRX cathode adoption.