Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of clerodane diterpenoids from genus Tinospora

Clerodane diterpenoids are the most characteristic and abundant metabolites of the genus Tinospora. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of clerodane diterpenoids isolated from Tinospora species, with a focus on their structural diversity and pharmacological potential. Our analysis covers 250 clerodane diterpenoids from literatures classified into four substructural types based on their skeleton frameworks. Moreover, the structures of some diterpenoids have been revised in this review based on biosynthetic logic and empirical rules. Numerous studies have revealed that these diterpenoids possess a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities both in vitro and in vivo, encompassing antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and other bioactivities. This review highlights the pivotal role of Tinospora-derived clerodane diterpenoids as a rich source of bioactive molecules possessing a wide array of therapeutic applications. The structural categorization and revision presented here contribute to the advancement of research in this field, potentially guiding future studies in natural product drug discovery and development.