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Polyacrylamide Gel Calibration Phantoms for Quantification in Sodium MRI.

Samuel Rot1,2, Aaron Oliver-Taylor3, Rebecca R Baker4

  • 1NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL, London, UK.

NMR in Biomedicine
|May 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces polyacrylamide gel (PAG) phantoms for standardizing quantitative sodium-23 MRI. These synthetic phantoms offer stable, tissue-matched properties for accurate in vivo sodium concentration measurements.

Keywords:
phantomspolyacrylamide gelrelaxometrysodium MRIstandardisationx‐nuclei

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Quantitative sodium-23 MRI (23Na MRI) relies on calibration phantoms for total sodium concentration (TSC) mapping.
  • Traditional agarose phantoms present challenges due to inherent instabilities and inconsistencies.
  • Standardization and harmonization of 23Na MRI methods are crucial for reliable clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a novel, standardizable synthetic polymer calibration phantom for quantitative 23Na MRI.
  • To assess the stability and suitability of polyacrylamide gel (PAG) phantoms for in vivo sodium quantification.
  • To contribute to the harmonization of quantitative 23Na MRI techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Seven crosslinked polyacrylamide gel (PAG) samples with varying sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (10-150 mM) were prepared.
  • Sodium concentrations were determined via volumetrics and high-precision mass measurements.
  • Relaxation time constants (T1, T2, T2*) and their stability over 14 months were measured at 3T.

Main Results:

  • Measured sodium concentrations in PAG phantoms were on average 5% lower than nominal values, leading to apparent TSC (aTSC) quantification.
  • Mean relaxation time constants for 23Na in PAG were within ranges: T1=27-39 ms, T2=4.8-7.1 ms, T2*=16.8-18.8 ms, with a short fraction of 0.64-0.77.
  • Relaxation times remained stable within 10% over 14 months for concentrations above 25 mM.
  • In vivo aTSC measurements in human brain and calf muscle yielded expected results.

Conclusions:

  • Polyacrylamide gel (PAG) phantoms are well-suited for quantitative 23Na MRI.
  • PAG phantoms offer tissue-matched relaxation properties and the advantages of a synthetic material for standardization.
  • These synthetic phantoms can improve the reliability and reproducibility of in vivo sodium MRI quantification.