Recent Developments in Triazole Derivatives as α-Glucoside Inhibitors for the Treatment of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus, a serious metabolic health condition and one of the most common diseases around the globe, primarily arises due to elevated blood sugar levels and causes multiple metabolic abnormalities. Nowadays, it has become the biggest challenge for the scientific community. Serious fatal health problems, such as neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy, are the result of mismanagement of this illness, which significantly lowers the quality of life. α-glucosidase is an enzyme in the small intestine that causes the breakdown of complex polysaccharide units into glucose units, i.e., smaller units that then enter the bloodstream and result in hyperglycaemic conditions. To solve this issue, the inhibitors of α-glucosidase must be developed immediately to manage and treat diabetes in patients. This literature survey highlights the importance of triazoles containing different heterocyclic rings, such as furan, benzyl, benzimidazole, thiazole, pyrrole, coumarin, indole, xanthone, etc., which have shown promising antidiabetic activity against α-glucosidase. The parameters, such as kinetic investigations, binding interactions, IC₅₀ value, structure-activity relationship, and molecular docking studies of the most potent compound, are covered in this review, which provides an overview of enzyme inhibitory activity. This review also includes the patents on α-glucosidase with triazole rings, demonstrating their effectiveness against α-glucosidase.