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Related Concept Videos

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Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
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In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Forced Flowering in Mandarin Trees under Phytotron Conditions
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Context-dependent conflicting selection on flowering phenology.

Yun Wu1, Yongpeng Cha2, Sha Shuang3

  • 1College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, People's Republic of China.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|May 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Water availability influences plant flowering times, with soil moisture creating conflicting selection pressures from pollinators and other environmental factors. This complex interaction can constrain the evolution of flowering phenology in response to climate change.

Keywords:
Primula tibeticaagents of selectionclimateconflicting selectionflowering phenologynon-pollinator-mediated selectionpollinator-mediated selectionsoil water availability

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Climate change impacts precipitation and water availability, critical factors for plant populations.
  • Phenological shifts in plants are influenced by water availability, affecting fitness and natural selection.
  • Flowering phenology is a key trait influenced by both biotic (pollinator) and abiotic (water) factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how soil water content affects pollinator-mediated and non-pollinator-mediated selection on flowering phenology in *Primula tibetica*.
  • To understand the interplay between water availability and selection pressures on flowering start and duration.

Main Methods:

  • A common garden experiment was conducted with *Primula tibetica* at three sites with varying soil water content (low, medium, high).
  • Pollination was manipulated across these sites to differentiate between pollinator-mediated and non-pollinator-mediated selection.
  • Selection gradients on flowering phenology (start and duration) were analyzed in relation to soil water content and pollination treatment.

Main Results:

  • Conflicting selection pressures on flowering phenology were observed, varying with soil water content.
  • At low water content, pollinators favored earlier flowering start, while non-pollinator agents favored later start.
  • At medium water content, pollinators selected for shorter flowering duration, contrasting with non-pollinator agents favoring longer duration, leading to no net selection.

Conclusions:

  • Soil water content significantly influences selection on flowering phenology, primarily through resource uptake and its effects on pollinator activity.
  • Flowering start and duration are both targets of selection, which can be conflicting between pollinators and other environmental agents.
  • The evolution of flowering time under climate change may be constrained by these complex, interacting selection pressures.