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Retinol Binding Protein-4 and Galectin-3 Levels in Type II Diabetes: Their Impact on Retinopathy Risk.

Rajendran Sharmila1, Dhanashree Ratra2, Lawrence D Cruze3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Science & Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India.

Current Eye Research
|May 7, 2025
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Summary

Retinol binding protein-4 shows promise as a diagnostic marker for diabetic retinopathy, outperforming galectin-3 in distinguishing disease stages. Further research is needed to confirm its clinical utility.

Keywords:
Diabetic retinopathygalectin-3immunofluorescenceretinol binding protein-4type 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Retinol binding protein-4 (RBP4) and galectin-3 are implicated in glucose metabolism and inflammation.
  • Understanding their roles in the progression of diabetes to diabetic retinopathy is crucial for early detection and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the roles of RBP4 and galectin-3 in the progression from prediabetes to diabetic retinopathy.
  • To evaluate RBP4 and galectin-3 as potential risk or diagnostic indicators for diabetic retinopathy.

Main Methods:

  • Serum levels of RBP4 and galectin-3 were measured in 100 patients across prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and diabetic retinopathy groups using sandwich ELISA.
  • Immunofluorescence was used to localize RBP4 and galectin-3 in retinal layers.
  • Quantitative Western blot and HDOCK tool were employed for validation and protein-protein interaction analysis (RBP4-VEGF).

Main Results:

  • Serum RBP4 levels were significantly elevated in diabetic retinopathy and type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to prediabetes (p < 0.0001).
  • RBP4 demonstrated acceptable diagnostic performance (AUC 0.7965-0.9007) for differentiating disease stages, outperforming galectin-3 (AUC 0.6961-0.7008).
  • RBP4 localized to photoreceptor regions and retinal vessels, while galectin-3 was found in the ganglion cell layer; RBP4 showed strong binding with VEGFA/B.

Conclusions:

  • Retinol binding protein-4 emerges as a potential diagnostic marker for diabetic retinopathy.
  • Further investigation is warranted to validate RBP4's clinical applicability in diagnosing and monitoring diabetic retinopathy.