Focus on odontoblast polarization: Characteristics, regulatory factors and research platforms

Cell polarity refers to the asymmetry of cellular morphology and function along the polar axis. Odontoblast polarization is essential for the formation of tubular dentine. However, our understanding of odontoblast polarization remains limited compared to the extensively studied process of epithelial cell polarization. This gap in knowledge hinders the advancement of regenerative endodontics, where the regeneration of tubular dentine is both a central focus and a significant challenge. In this review, we begin by outlining the process of odontoblast differentiation, emphasizing that odontoblast polarization represents an early stage of this differentiation. We then summarize the key features of odontoblast polarization, including changes in cell morphology, alterations in cellular structure, and modifications in intercellular junctions. Additionally, we compare the key characteristics of odontoblast polarization with those of ameloblast polarization. Next, we summarize the intracellular and extracellular molecules involved in odontoblast polarization, while underscoring the significance of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in this context. Furthermore, we discuss the evolution of research platforms for studying odontoblast polarization, with a particular focus on the application of advanced nanofibrous platforms in this field. Finally, we identify existing knowledge gaps in odontoblast polarization and offer suggestions and perspectives for future research, aiming to inspire further investigations in dentine regeneration.