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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
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Updated: May 12, 2025

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Extracellular Cold-Inducible RNA-Binding Protein: Progress from Discovery to Present.

Monowar Aziz1,2, Irshad H Chaudry3, Ping Wang1,2

  • 1Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|May 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP) is a key molecule in inflammatory diseases and tissue injury. This review details eCIRP

Keywords:
DAMPsdiseasesimmune cellsimmunityinflammation

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP) is identified as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP).
  • eCIRP plays a significant role in inflammation and tissue damage observed in hemorrhagic and septic shock.
  • It has emerged as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker in various disease models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of eCIRP.
  • To detail its discovery, role in disease pathophysiology, and mechanisms of release and action.
  • To explore its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic strategies in inflammatory and ischemic diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of preclinical disease models and patient materials.
  • Examination of molecular, cellular, and immunological mechanisms of eCIRP.
  • Analysis of emerging research and therapeutic strategies targeting eCIRP.

Main Results:

  • eCIRP is implicated in driving inflammatory responses across diverse conditions.
  • Mechanisms of eCIRP release and action are elucidated.
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting eCIRP show promise in preclinical models.

Conclusions:

  • eCIRP is a critical mediator of inflammation and tissue injury.
  • It holds significant potential as both a biomarker and a therapeutic target.
  • Further research into eCIRP-targeting strategies is warranted for conditions like shock, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative diseases.