Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses01:26

Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses

730
Antimuscarinic drugs have various therapeutic applications by inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation in different systems. Here are the key therapeutic uses of antimuscarinics:    
Respiratory Tract: Ipratropium, aclidinium, and tiotropium treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They protect against bronchoconstriction caused by irritants like cigarette smoke, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. They also help reduce nasopharyngeal...
730
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:11

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

704
Direct-acting cholinergic agonists have many therapeutic uses in various medical fields. Choline esters, including acetylcholine, have limited clinical utility due to their non-selectivity and short duration of action. Still, acetylcholine and carbachol are applied topically during ophthalmologic surgery to induce miosis. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic and ganglionic stimulator, effectively treats open-angle glaucoma and alleviates xerostomia and dry mouth caused by radiotherapy or Sjögren...
704
Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents

545
Positive inotropic agents are commonly used as the first line of treatment for heart failure. One such agent is digoxin, derived from the genus Digitalis, which has been known for centuries but effectively utilized since 1785. However, these cardiac glycosides can have potentially toxic effects due to their mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and increasing contractility. Digoxin is absorbed orally and distributed in various tissues, including the CNS. It has a long...
545
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors01:28

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

136
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are potent enzymes that function to hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides to their corresponding 5' monophosphates. Their unique biochemical properties have been applied in treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH).
Among the PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil (Revatio) stands out as a competitive and selective inhibitor. It operates by elevating cellular levels of cGMP and augmenting signaling through the cGMP-PKG pathway, promoting vasodilation. Upon oral...
136
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class I Agents as Sodium Channel Blockers01:22

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class I Agents as Sodium Channel Blockers

1.3K
Class I antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat various types of arrhythmias or irregular heart rhythms. These drugs block the sodium (Na+) channels in the cardiac cells, thereby affecting the movement of electrical impulses across the heart. Class I antiarrhythmic drugs are divided into three subgroups: Class IA, Class IB, and Class IC, each with distinct mechanisms of action and effects on the heart.
Class 1A Antiarrhythmic Drugs: These drugs work by moderately blocking sodium channels,...
1.3K
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions01:30

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions

639
Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists, also known as anticholinesterases, exert their pharmacological effects by enhancing cholinergic transmission in various body parts, including the neuromuscular junction, autonomic cholinergic synapses, and the brain.
At the neuromuscular junction, these agents work by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, allowing it to remain bound to the receptor and bind to nearby receptors. This process leads to repetitive firing of the endplate, causing muscle...
639

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

N-acetylcysteine for patients with alcohol use disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and their co-occurrence: a systematic review of placebo-controlled randomized trials.

BMC psychiatry·2026
Same author

Efficacy and safety of ropeginterferon alfa-2b in the treatment of polycythemia vera: a systematic review with single arm meta-analysis.

Annals of hematology·2025
Same author

Optimal duration of postoperative drainage following burr hole surgery for chronic subdural hematoma: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Langenbeck's archives of surgery·2025
Same author

Efficacy and safety of retatrutide, a novel GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptor agonist for obesity treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center)·2025
Same author

Effects of the anti-inflammatory pentoxifylline on psychiatric and neuropsychiatric conditions: exploring various off-label utilities with meta-analyses.

Inflammopharmacology·2025
Same author

Ultrasound-Guided Thermal Ablation Versus Thyroidectomy in the Treatment of Benign Thyroid Nodules: Systematic Review and Meta Analysis.

Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity
09:52

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity

Published on: March 16, 2018

9.4K

Pentoxifylline uses in inner ear diseases.

Ahmed Ramzi1, Subhia Maya2, Nadeen Balousha3

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.

European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
|May 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Pentoxifylline shows promise for treating inner ear vertigo and tinnitus, with generally mild side effects. However, its effectiveness for sudden hearing loss is inconsistent, and more research is needed for definitive recommendations.

Keywords:
Hearing lossPentoxifyllineSystematic reviewTinnitusVertigo

More Related Videos

A Comparative Study of Drug Delivery Methods Targeted to the Mouse Inner Ear: Bullostomy Versus Transtympanic Injection
09:18

A Comparative Study of Drug Delivery Methods Targeted to the Mouse Inner Ear: Bullostomy Versus Transtympanic Injection

Published on: March 8, 2017

13.2K
A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus
06:55

A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus

Published on: February 27, 2018

8.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity
09:52

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity

Published on: March 16, 2018

9.4K
A Comparative Study of Drug Delivery Methods Targeted to the Mouse Inner Ear: Bullostomy Versus Transtympanic Injection
09:18

A Comparative Study of Drug Delivery Methods Targeted to the Mouse Inner Ear: Bullostomy Versus Transtympanic Injection

Published on: March 8, 2017

13.2K
A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus
06:55

A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus

Published on: February 27, 2018

8.6K

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Inner ear disorders, including hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo, are common but lack approved treatments.
  • Pentoxifylline (PTX) has been investigated for cochlear and vestibular conditions, but its efficacy and safety require systematic review.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the efficacy and safety of pentoxifylline (PTX) for inner ear disorders.
  • To analyze PTX's impact on vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus based on available research.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive search of over a dozen global databases was conducted up to January 2025.
  • Included studies focused on PTX's distinct or attributable results in vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
  • Fifteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were among the forty studies analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Pentoxifylline demonstrated significant positive outcomes for inner ear vertigo.
  • Results for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) were mixed, leaning towards ineffectiveness.
  • PTX showed comparable efficacy to Ginkgo biloba and corticosteroids for tinnitus, with mild adverse events.

Conclusions:

  • Pentoxifylline may improve inner ear vertigo and tinnitus, but its role in ISSNHL is uncertain.
  • The medication exhibits a good safety profile across various regimens.
  • Current study designs and rigor limit the ability to form robust treatment recommendations.