Development and validation of salivary analysis for forensic evidence (SAFE) scale

Despite the surging crime rates and diverse operating methods, identifying the perpetrators and suspects is challenging. Incorporating forensic odontology has expanded the scope of forensics. Over the years, saliva has become the hallmark of forensics. This study aimed to develop a scale for assessing the knowledge and awareness about the role of saliva in forensic odontology. The scale was developed sequentially according to the qualitative research methodology: formation of a conceptual framework, systematic development of an item pool and refinement of an item pool (focus group discussion, cognitive interviewing and pretesting). Then, the validity and reliability of the scale were tested.

A conceptual framework was developed based on five constructs, which included forensic sciences, forensic odontology, crime investigations, salivary analysis and forensic genetics. A pool of 28 items was designed based on existing literature and refined through a focus group discussion involving the target audience and expert panellists. After validation by cognitive interview and pretesting, the scale was condensed into a pool of 23 items. Statistical analysis revealed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.8 (good reliability) and kappa value of 0.79, indicating a strong level of agreement.

The Salivary Analysis for Forensic Evidence scale is a valid and reliable tool that consolidates all possible constructs involved in assessing the role of saliva in forensic odontology.