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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
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Upregulation of GZMK, TREM2, and OR4D10 as Prognostic Biomarkers in Thyroid Cancer: A Pan-Cancer and TCGA Data

Nuoyan Zhu1, Liangliang Cai1, Li Qian1

  • 1Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|May 7, 2025
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Summary

This study identifies GZMK, TREM2, and OR4D10 as potential molecular markers for thyroid cancer. High expression of these genes correlates with specific cellular processes and immune cell infiltration, suggesting their role in cancer development and prognosis.

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TCGAimmunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (iTME)prognostic biomarkerthyroid cancer (THCA)

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Gene anomalies are increasingly recognized as critical in thyroid cancer diagnosis and treatment.
  • Molecular markers are essential for understanding thyroid cancer progression and patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression and clinical significance of GZMK, TREM2, and OR4D10 in thyroid cancer.
  • To explore the relationship between these genes, patient survival, and immune cell infiltration.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) pan-cancer data and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for gene expression analysis.
  • Analyzed TCGA clinical survival data to correlate gene expression with patient outcomes.
  • Performed enrichment analysis using clusterProfiler R software.
  • Assessed immune cell infiltration in relation to GZMK, TREM2, and OR4D10 expression via TCGA database.

Main Results:

  • GZMK, TREM2, and OR4D10 showed significant expression in various malignancies, including thyroid cancer.
  • High expression of these genes correlated with gene sets involved in leukocyte cell-cell adhesion and mononuclear cell differentiation, linked to proliferation.
  • Elevated T cell and dendritic cell (DC) infiltration scores were associated with high GZMK, TREM2, and OR4D10 expression.

Conclusions:

  • GZMK, TREM2, and OR4D10 are identified as potential key genes associated with thyroid cancer.
  • These genes may serve as valuable molecular indicators for thyroid cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies.
  • The findings highlight a link between these genes, cellular proliferation pathways, and immune microenvironment in thyroid cancer.