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Related Concept Videos

Principle of Equivalence01:18

Principle of Equivalence

According to Albert Einstein (1897-1955), free-falling and feeling weightless are intrinsically linked. If a person were in free-fall under gravity, for example, diving towards the Earth from an airplane, they would feel completely weightless. Similarly, a person descending in a lift may feel partially weightless. Broadly speaking, it is assumed that an object in a uniform gravitational field and an object undergoing constant acceleration in the absence of gravity are under the same...
Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity01:17

Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity

In 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. According to this theory, no matter in the universe can attain a speed greater than the speed of light in a vacuum, which thus serves as the speed limit of the universe.
This has been verified in many experiments. However, space and time are no longer absolute. Two observers moving relative to one another do not agree on the length of objects or the passage of time. The mechanics of objects based on Newton's laws of motion,...
Related Rates01:18

Related Rates

When two or more physical quantities are linked by a single relationship, a change in one variable necessarily affects the others. This interdependence forms the basis of related rates analysis, which examines how different quantities change with respect to time. A classic physical example is an expanding balloon, where the size of the balloon changes continuously as air is added.For a hot air balloon, the inflated envelope is commonly idealized as a perfect sphere to simplify mathematical...
Space Curves01:25

Space Curves

A space curve describes the path followed by a particle moving through three-dimensional space. Unlike plane curves, which are confined to two coordinates, space curves require three coordinate functions. If t is a parameter, the position of the particle is represented by the vector function\begin{equation*}\mathbf{r}(t)=\langle x(t),y(t),z(t)\rangle,\end{equation*}where x(t), y(t), and z(t) are differentiable functions of t. As t varies over an interval, the endpoints of the position vectors...
Real-World Applications of Space Curves01:29

Real-World Applications of Space Curves

Modern aerospace navigation depends on the accurate prediction of motion in three-dimensional space. In defense applications, radar systems continuously track both interceptors and moving aerial targets to find whether their flight paths will result in a collision. These motions are modeled mathematically as space curves, which represent paths that change continuously with time. Each object’s position is described by a vector function that specifies its location in terms of time-dependent...
Arc Length of Space Curves01:21

Arc Length of Space Curves

Arc length represents the total distance traveled along a curve in space. For a moving object such as a helicopter, the path can be modeled by a vector-valued position function\begin{equation*}\mathbf{r}(t)=\langle x(t),y(t),z(t)\rangle\end{equation*}where t denotes time. Unlike displacement, which measures only the straight-line distance between two points, arc length accounts for every change in direction along the trajectory.To calculate arc length, the interval of motion is divided into...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

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Spatial and Temporal Changes in Choroid Morphology Associated With Long-Duration Spaceflight.

Charles Bélanger Nzakimuena1, Marissé Masís Solano1,2, Rémy Marcotte-Collard3

  • 1Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada.

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
|May 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Astronauts experience increased choroid thickness and vascularity in the macula during spaceflight. These findings reveal pulsatile changes in choroid vessels, offering insights into spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Space Medicine
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Spaceflight is associated with neuro-ocular changes, including spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS).
  • Accurate quantification of choroidal changes is crucial for understanding SANS.
  • Deep learning offers advanced image segmentation capabilities for analyzing ocular structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend deep learning for choroid quantification in optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular imaging.
  • To characterize pulsatile and topological changes in the macular choroid during spaceflight.
  • To investigate choroidal alterations in response to prolonged microgravity exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of OCT macular videos and volumes from astronauts before, during, and after spaceflight.
  • Fine-tuning deep learning models for precise choroid segmentation.
  • Quantification of vascularity and statistical analysis of time-dependent and spatially averaged variables.

Main Results:

  • Significant increases in mean choroid thickness and luminal area (LA) were observed.
  • Pulsatile LA showed a significant increase during spaceflight.
  • Choroid volume, luminal volume, and choroidal vascularity index increased significantly in the macular region.

Conclusions:

  • Prolonged microgravity exposure induces localized pulsatile changes in the choroid.
  • Choroidal vessels expand, occupying a larger relative space within the macular region.
  • Developed methods offer new tools for studying spaceflight-related ocular risks and countermeasures.