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Geographical Differences in SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response Dynamics and Neutralisation Profiles to Mild COVID-19:
Laban Kato1, Jackson Sembera2, Gerald Kevin Oluka1,2
1Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Research Unit, Entebbe 49, Uganda.
Geographic location significantly impacts SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) antibody responses, with Ugandan participants showing rapid but short-lived immunity compared to sustained responses in UK participants. This highlights the need for region-specific vaccination strategies.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Epidemiology
- Virology
Background:
- The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic exposed significant variations in COVID-19 clinical outcomes among different global populations.
- This variability necessitates the development of region-specific vaccination strategies for effective global immunization.
- Understanding population-level immune responses is crucial for enhancing epidemic preparedness.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare longitudinal binding antibody responses and neutralization capacities in individuals with mild COVID-19 from Uganda and the United Kingdom.
- To inform standardized global immunization efforts by analyzing differences in SARS-CoV-2 immunity.
- To investigate the influence of geographic factors on the quality and durability of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2.
Main Methods:
- Assessed IgG responses to spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins, and IgM responses to S and receptor-binding domain (RBD) proteins in Ugandan and UK participants.
- Quantified antibody levels using a validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) over approximately 84 days.
- Performed pseudovirus neutralization assays targeting the SARS-CoV-2 D614G variant.
Main Results:
- Ugandan participants displayed higher early IgG and IgM levels against S and RBD, with rapid onset and quick waning of responses.
- UK participants exhibited a slower but more sustained increase in IgG and IgM levels.
- Neutralization titres varied, with higher responses in Ugandans and lower titres in UK participants, and differing correlations between neutralization and specific antibody types.
Conclusions:
- Distinct population-level immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 were observed, influenced by geographic factors.
- The quality and durability of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 differ between populations.
- Tailored vaccination strategies are essential for optimizing immune responses across diverse populations and improving global health security.
