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Global Status of Adult Immunization Post COVID-19 Pandemic
Alba Vilajeliu1, Victor Vega1, Randie Gibson1
1Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
Vaccines
|May 7, 2025
Summary
Adult immunization programs are expanding globally post-COVID-19, but significant disparities exist in vaccine policy inclusion across income levels. Strengthening adult vaccination efforts with a life course approach is crucial for global health equity.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
- Vaccinology
Background:
- Traditional immunization programs primarily target children and women of reproductive age.
- The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the vaccination of adult populations globally.
- This study examines the evolution of adult immunization policies following the pandemic.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive global overview of adult immunization policies implemented after the COVID-19 pandemic.
- To analyze national immunization schedules and WHO recommendations for adult vaccination.
- To identify disparities in adult immunization coverage based on country income levels.
Main Methods:
- Summarized World Health Organization (WHO) Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) recommendations for various adult groups.
- Analyzed data from WHO Member States (MS) reported in 2023/2024 via the WHO/UNICEF electronic Joint Reporting Form on Immunization (eJRF).
- Included data from WHO regions and income groups to assess global trends.
Main Results:
- WHO policy recommendations for adult vaccines are widespread, but national schedule inclusion varies significantly, being higher in high-income countries (HICs) and middle-income countries (MICs).
- Coverage for pregnant women varied: COVID-19 (90% globally, 65% in low-income countries [LICs]), tetanus (63% globally, 73% in LICs), influenza (57% globally, 4% in LICs), and pertussis (21% in MICs/HICs).
- Significant disparities observed in influenza and pneumococcal vaccination for older adults and adults with chronic diseases, with lower uptake in LICs.
Conclusions:
- Disparities in adult immunization policies across income groups necessitate improved access and strengthened vaccination initiatives.
- A life course approach to immunization is essential for maximizing the benefits of vaccines across all age groups.
- Addressing these inequities is critical for achieving global health equity in adult vaccination.
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