Facing Foodborne Pathogen Biofilms with Green Antimicrobial Agents: One Health Approach

Food safety is a significant global and local concern due to the threat of foodborne pathogens to public health and food security. Bacterial biofilms are communities of bacteria adhered to surfaces and represent a persistent contamination source in food environments. Their resistance to conventional antimicrobials exacerbates the challenge of eradication, driving the search for alternative strategies to control biofilms. Unconventional or "green" antimicrobial agents have emerged as promising solutions due to their sustainability and effectiveness. These agents include bacteriophages, phage-derived enzymes, plant extracts, and combinations of natural antimicrobials, which offer novel mechanisms for targeting biofilms. This approach aligns with the "One Health" concept, which underscores the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health and advocates for integrated strategies to address public health challenges. Employing unconventional antimicrobial agents to manage bacterial biofilms can enhance food safety, protect public health, and reduce environmental impacts by decreasing reliance on conventional antimicrobials and mitigating antimicrobial resistance. This review explores the use of unconventional antimicrobials to combat foodborne pathogen biofilms, highlighting their mechanisms of action, antibiofilm activities, and the challenges associated with their application in food safety. By addressing these issues from a "One Health" perspective, we aim to demonstrate how such strategies can promote sustainable food safety, improve public health outcomes, and support environmental health, ultimately fostering a more integrated approach to combating foodborne pathogen biofilms.