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  11. Comprehensive Assessment Of Snow Leopard Distribution And Population In The Indian Trans-himalaya, Ladakh: Standardizing Methods For Evidence-based Conservation

Comprehensive assessment of snow leopard distribution and population in the Indian Trans-Himalaya, Ladakh: Standardizing methods for evidence-based conservation

Pankaj Raina1,2, Ninad Avinash Mungi2,3, Ujjwal Kumar2,4

  • 1Department of Wildlife Protection, Leh, Union Territory of Ladakh, India.

Plos One
|May 7, 2025

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View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals the Trans-Himalayan Ladakh region supports one of the world's largest snow leopard (Panthera uncia) populations, with densities up to 3.18 per 100 km². Conservation efforts must integrate human-wildlife coexistence due to shared habitats.

Area of Science:

  • Conservation Biology
  • Wildlife Ecology
  • Population Genetics

Background:

  • Accurate assessment of threatened species' occurrence and population status is crucial for effective conservation.
  • Low-density carnivores like snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in remote habitats present significant sampling and study design challenges.
  • Existing data for snow leopards often lacks scientific reliability, hindering conservation planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address limitations in sampling and study design for estimating snow leopard populations.
  • To evaluate the population size, density, and distribution of snow leopards and their prey in the Trans-Himalayan Ladakh region.
  • To develop a robust method for large-scale snow leopard population estimation applicable globally.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a double sampling approach combining sign surveys and camera trapping across ~59,000 km².

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  • Used replicate sign surveys (6,149 km) to model snow leopard occupancy and potential distribution.
  • Applied spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) with 956 camera traps (97,313 trap nights) to estimate density in stratified regions.

    • Main Results:

    • Estimated an average snow leopard density of ~1 per 100 km², with localized densities reaching 3.18 per 100 km².
    • Identified 126 unique snow leopards, occupying an estimated 47,572 km².
    • Hemis National Park, Kargil, and Leh exhibited globally significant snow leopard densities, contributing to one of the world's largest contiguous populations (477 individuals).

    Conclusions:

    • The Ladakh region harbors a globally significant snow leopard population, with high densities linked to prey availability in suitable habitats.
    • The study provides a robust, scalable methodology for snow leopard population estimation, adaptable for global application.
    • Co-occurrence with humans highlights the need for inclusive, evidence-based conservation planning amidst infrastructural development and climate change.