Bioactive Polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus: Extraction, Structure, Bioactivities, and Applications

Area of Science:

• Mycology
• Pharmacology
• Biochemistry

Background:

• Hericium erinaceus, an edible fungus, is historically recognized for its medicinal and nutritional value.
• The primary bioactive compounds are Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides (HEPs), found in mycelia and fruiting bodies.
• HEPs are complex polysaccharides mainly composed of galactose and glucose, with varying minor sugars.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review recent advancements in the study of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides (HEPs).
• To cover extraction, separation, purification, structural analysis, biological activities, and toxicity of HEPs.
• To discuss future opportunities and challenges in HEPs research and application.

Main Methods:

• Water extraction followed by alcohol precipitation is a common method for HEPs isolation.
• Advanced techniques are employed for separation, purification, and structural elucidation of HEPs.
• Biological activities and toxicity are assessed through various in vitro and in vivo models.

Main Results:

• HEPs exhibit diverse biological activities, including immune enhancement, anti-tumor effects, anti-inflammatory properties, antioxidant capabilities, and antiviral functions.
• Recent studies have focused on optimizing extraction and purification methods for higher yields and purity.
• Structural analysis reveals heterogeneity in HEPs composition, influencing their bioactivity.

Conclusions:

• Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides (HEPs) possess significant therapeutic potential across multiple health domains.
• Further research into structure-activity relationships and optimized production is crucial for clinical translation.
• Addressing challenges in large-scale application will unlock the full potential of HEPs in medicine and nutrition.