Heparin, an active excipient to carry biosignal molecules: Applications in tissue engineering - A review

Drug repositioning refers to new medical application exploration for existing drugs. Heparins, beyond their well-known anticoagulant properties widely used in clinics, present the capacity to carry biosignal molecules that is responsible for other properties such as anti-inflammatory, angiogenesis. Thus, heparins interaction with different biosignal molecules such as cytokines and growth factors have recently drawn attention and have promoted heparin repositioning as an active excipient with useful applications as drug-delivery systems and biomaterial-based tissue engineering scaffolds. Indeed, biomaterial heparinization can further help in their formulation such as in self-assembled heparin-based hydrogels or nanoparticles, and improve their biocompatibility. Moreover, the capacity of heparin to carry biosignal molecules enables the direct functionalization of heparinized biomaterial for tissue engineering. Both heparin characteristics namely the biosignal molecule carrying and biomaterial heparinization are reviewed here along their combination for biomaterial functionalization in tissue engineering applications.