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Related Concept Videos

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
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Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis01:13

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

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For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes...
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Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes01:07

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
 
Most enzymes...
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Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
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Transitioning enzyme catalysis towards photocatalysis.

Nigel Scrutton1, Sam Hay1, Derren Heyes1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|May 8, 2025
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Summary

Enzyme photobiocatalysis is an emerging field that uses light-activated enzymes for chemical transformations. Research is exploring natural and engineered photoenzymes to expand biocatalysis capabilities for sustainable chemistry.

Keywords:
enzyme catalysisphotobiocatalysisphotocatalysisphotoenzyme

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Area of Science:

  • Biocatalysis and enzyme engineering
  • Photochemistry and sustainable synthesis

Background:

  • Enzyme biocatalysis is rapidly industrializing, offering selective and sustainable chemical transformations.
  • Enzymes are crucial for a circular bioeconomy, enabling production of chemicals, materials, and pharmaceuticals.
  • Advancements in understanding enzyme structure-mechanism relationships are key to exploiting biocatalysts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the emergence of enzyme photobiocatalysis as a new frontier in catalysis.
  • To review natural photoenzymes and their limitations.
  • To explore prospects for repurposing and designing novel photobiocatalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on natural photoenzymes and their catalytic mechanisms.
  • Analysis of challenges and limitations in current photobiocatalysis.
  • Exploration of strategies for enzyme repurposing and de novo design for photobiocatalysis.

Main Results:

  • Natural photoenzymes are rare, limiting their application in complex chemical reactions.
  • Repurposing existing enzymes shows promise for developing new photobiocatalysts.
  • De novo design of photobiocatalysts offers transformative potential for catalysis science.

Conclusions:

  • Enzyme photobiocatalysis is a nascent but promising field with potential to expand the scope of biocatalysis.
  • Overcoming limitations of natural photoenzymes requires innovative approaches in enzyme engineering and design.
  • The development of artificial photobiocatalysts could revolutionize chemical synthesis and sustainable manufacturing.