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Related Concept Videos

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2025

A Proinflammatory, Degenerative Organ Culture Model to Simulate Early-Stage Intervertebral Disc Disease.
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Diurnal Asymmetric Loading Modulates Cell Phenotype in Intervertebral Disc.

Ying Zhang1,2, Jianbiao Xu3,4, Zhiyu Zhou5

  • 1AO Research Institute Davos Davos Switzerland.

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|May 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Asymmetric dynamic loading combined with static loading accelerates intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Reducing mechanical stress on the IVD, even temporarily, may help prevent deformity and degeneration.

Keywords:
asymmetric loadingdisc degenerationintervertebral discorgan culture modelscoliosis

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Optical Sectioning and Visualization of the Intervertebral Disc from Embryonic Development to Degeneration
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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanical Engineering
  • Cell Biology
  • Spinal Research

Background:

  • The intervertebral disc (IVD) is susceptible to degeneration influenced by mechanical loading.
  • Understanding the effects of different loading patterns on IVD cells is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • Ex vivo models provide a controlled environment to study IVD responses to mechanical stimuli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how asymmetric dynamic loading, alone or with static loading, affects IVD cell morphology and biology.
  • To evaluate the impact of different loading regimes on the structural integrity and cellular responses of bovine caudal IVDs.

Main Methods:

  • Bovine caudal intervertebral discs (IVDs) were subjected to four loading conditions: parallel dynamic load with free swelling, parallel dynamic load with static load, wedge dynamic load with free swelling, and wedge dynamic load with static load.
  • IVD height loss and histological changes were assessed.
  • Cell viability, gene expression (ACAN, MMP1, MMP13), and nucleus pulposus (NP) morphology were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Dynamic loading with free swelling maintained cell viability and physiological gene expression.
  • Dynamic loading followed by static loading led to degeneration, characterized by reduced cell viability and altered gene expression (lower anabolic, higher catabolic).
  • Wedge loading with free swelling upregulated ACAN expression, while wedge loading with static loading showed increased MMP1 and MMP13 expression, with NP protrusion observed.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous static loading after dynamic loading negatively impacts IVD cell phenotype in an ex vivo model.
  • Temporary reduction of mechanical stress on the IVD may mitigate degeneration.
  • Asymmetric loading followed by static loading can effectively mimic pathological changes seen in IVD degeneration and spinal deformity.