Exploring neonatal brain tumors: a narrative review about epidemiology, classification, and management

Neonatal brain tumors (NBTs) are rare, with specific characteristics distinguishing them from tumors in older children. NBTs occur in the first 28 days of life with a low incidence rate. They present unique histological features, with teratomas and gliomas being the most relevant types of NBTs. The most common clinical finding is macrocephaly and hydrocephaly, but non-specific symptoms can also occur. Researchers illustrated multiple risk factors predominantly carcinogens and genetic factors. Managing these tumors is challenging, with surgery being the gold standard for treatment whereas the use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is risky with this age group. Thus, balancing between aggressive intervention and adverse effects is crucial. This review will be relevant to clinicians and researchers interested in understanding the epidemiology, classification, clinical features, diagnostic features, and management options of NBTs.